Pengaruh Media Audio Visual terhadap Minat Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/anthor.v5i3.1060Keywords:
Media Audio Visual, Minat Belajar, Pendidikan PAI, Pembelajaran, SiswaAbstract
Minat belajar merupakan salah satu faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan proses pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Rendahnya minat belajar siswa dapat menghambat pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran sehingga diperlukan penggunaan media pembelajaran yang mampu meningkatkan perhatian, keterlibatan, dan motivasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan media audio visual dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam, mengetahui tingkat minat belajar siswa, serta menguji pengaruh penggunaan media audio visual terhadap minat belajar siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain regresi linear sederhana. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 20 siswa yang ditentukan menggunakan teknik sampel jenuh. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan angket, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, uji normalitas, uji linearitas, uji hipotesis, dan koefisien determinasi dengan bantuan IBM SPSS Statistics versi 24. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan media audio visual berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap minat belajar siswa dengan kontribusi sebesar 35%, sedangkan 65% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain di luar penelitian. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan media audio visual secara optimal dapat meningkatkan minat belajar siswa sehingga pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam menjadi lebih aktif, menarik, dan efektif. Oleh karena itu, media audio visual dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif strategi pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan kualitas proses dan hasil belajar siswa.
References
Amengual-Pizarro, M. (2025). Engaging with English Films and Series through Subtitles: Insights from Prospective Primary School Teachers in Spain. Language Value, 18(2), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.6035/languagev.8808
Antonopoulou, H., Matzavinou, P., Giannoukou, I., & Halkiopoulos, C. (2025). Teachers’ Digital Leadership and Competencies in Primary Education: A Cross-Sectional Behavioral Study. Education Sciences, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020215
Baer, A., & López, P. (2012). The blind spots of secularization: A qualitative approach to the study of antisemitism in Spain. European Societies, 14(2), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.676451
Basister, M. P., Petersson, J., & Baconguis, R. D. T. (2025). Educational innovations for an inclusive learning environment: Insights from the teachers’ collaboration through lesson study. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1610749
Beseghi, M. (2025). Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and Audio Description as Integrated Activities in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom: An Exploratory Study. Hikma, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v24i3.16951
Blohm, I., Miranda, S., Ho, S. Y., & Leimeister, J. M. (2025). Next-generation IS research methods – towards a better understanding of complex and dynamic phenomena … and generative AI as the elephant in the room. Journal of Information Technology, 40(2), 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962251340699
Boo, H. S. (2025). Islamic religiosity and its impact on Muslim men’s share of housework and childcare time in Malaysia: A proxy investigation. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101292
Bourina, H. V., & Dunaeva, L. A. (2019). The conceptual model of the artificial linguistic educational environment for achieving oral communication skills in a second foreign language. E-Learning and Digital Media, 16(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753018817542
Budiyanto, C. W., Latifah, R., Saputro, H., & Prananto, A. (2024). The Barriers and Readiness to Deal With Digital Transformation in Higher Education. TEM Journal, 13(1), 334–348. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM131-35
Cameron, R. (2009). A sequential mixed model research design: Design, analytical and display issues. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(2), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.5172/mra.3.2.140
Chemsi, G., Sadiq, M., Radid, M., & Talbi, M. (2020). Study of the self-determined motivation among students in the context of online pedagogical activities. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(5), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.3991/IJET.V15I05.11392
de S. Oliveira, K. K., & de Souza, R. A. C. (2022). Digital Transformation towards Education 4.0. Informatics in Education, 21(2), 283–309. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2022.13
Decaigny, T. (1978). Training state teachers in the use of audio-visual media in French speaking Belgium. Educational Media International, NO.3, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987808549143
Dimyathi, M. A., & Mas’ud, A. (2025). Arabic Loanwords Integration in Indonesian Madrasah Education: Analysis of Pedagogical Effectiveness and Cross-Linguistic Transfer. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(3), 749–761. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v8i3.266
Dubovicki, S., & Velki, T. (2022). Methodological Particularities In Research On Contemporary Childhood In Croatia: A Pedagogical-Psychological Perspective. Journal of Elementary Education, 15(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.18690/rei.15.1.91-104.2022
Esteve-Faubel, R. P., Oller-Benitez, A., & Aparicio-Flores, M. P. (2020). Perceptions of future teachers of audiovisual education and communication. Challenges in training for a sustainable education. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(24), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410296
Fernández-Cano, M. I., Arreciado Marañón, A., & Feijoo-Cid, M. (2021). The Bachelor’s thesis in nursing: Characteristics and students’ approach and satisfaction. Nurse Education in Practice, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103067
Fourie, J., & Wilson, C. (2021). PLAYING GAMES in A MASTERS CLASS: EXPERIENCES of STUDENT EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGISTS. Perspectives in Education, 39(4), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.18820/2519593X/PIE.V39.I4.10
Frucht, L., Kakkad, N., Keller, S., & Quinn, G. P. (2026). Beyond Paternalism: Rethinking Teratogen and Fertility Counseling Education from a Learner Perspective. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2026.2642100
Goian, V., Goian, O., Biletska, T., & Kobynets, A. (2023a). Watching TV Series in Distance Education during the Periods of Pandemic and Martial Law. Studies in Media and Communication, 11(4), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v11i4.5968
Goian, V., Goian, O., Biletska, T., & Kobynets, A. (2023b). Watching TV Series in Distance Education during the Periods of Pandemic and Martial Law. Studies in Media and Communication, 11(4), 131–139. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v11i4.5968
González Caballero, M., & de la Torre, V. M. (2023). Audiovisual media literacy in people with visual disabilities: Audiovisual language and narrative as tools to improve the cinematic experience. Icono14, 21(2) https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2028
Griffith, E. E., Mickey, E. L., & Dasgupta, N. (2022). A “Chillier” Climate for Multiply Marginalized STEM Faculty Impedes Research Collaboration. Sex Roles, 86(3–4), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01259-w
Guerra, P., & Sousa, S. (2022). Dreaming is not enough. Audiovisual methodologies, social inclusion, and new forms of youth biopolitical resistance. Frontiers in Sociology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.1020711
Gumaelius, L., Skogh, I.-B., Matthíasdóttir, Á., & Pantzos, P. (2024). Engineering education in change. A case study on the impact of digital transformation on content and teaching methods in different engineering disciplines. European Journal of Engineering Education, 49(1), 70–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2023.2285794
Guo, L., & Laokulrach, M. (2024). The influences of teachers’ intercultural competence on teaching performance and international student engagement: The mediating role of teachers’ transformational leadership. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 12(4), 1201–1223. https://doi.org/10.18488/61.v12i4.3894
Halomoan, H., Hakiki, M., Ramadhan, M. A., Hidayah, Y., Fakhri, J., Aljamaliah, S. N. M., & Hamid, M. A. (2024). Integrating Principal Leadership and Teacher Roles with AI-Based ‘Merdeka’ Curriculum Innovation: The Quantitative Research. TEM Journal, 13(4), 3397–3404. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM134-73
Heidari, T., Jouybari, L., Borhani, F., & Sabzi, Z. (2025). Experiences of internship nursing students in confronting ethical issues: A qualitative study. BMC Medical Ethics, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-025-01254-w
Hongngam, K., Jitsupa, J., Skunhom, V., Yanuchit, C., & Meeusah, N. (2025). DIGITAL INTERACTIVE STORYTELLING TO PROMOTE THAI LANGUAGE VOCABULARY LEARNING FOR CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies, 25(3), 620–630. https://doi.org/10.69598/hasss.25.3.274432
Husaeni, D. N. A., Shahbodin, F., Siregar, H., Kusnendar, J., & Khoirunnisa, A. N. (2026). Mapping the Evolution of Multimedia-Based Learning Technologies for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 25(4), 693–721. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.4.32
Inda, A., Saleh, S. Z., Tasir, Z., Jimaain, M. T. A., Sa’idu, S. J., Yusof, S. M., Sihes, A. J., Rabiu, A. A., Usman, A. Y., & Murshidi, G. A. (2026). Human-Centred Academic Leadership in Digital Transformation of Higher Education: Insights from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 41(1), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2026.41.1.9
Ja’far, S., & Yaqin, H. (2026). Digital Fiqh and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in the Onlife Condition: A Digital Hermeneutic Critique of Algorithmic Power for Islamic Pistemic Sovereignty. Samarah, 10(1), 550–571. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v10.i1.31868
Jiménez-Hidalgo, A. A., Castañeda, L., & Lettelier, M. D. (2025). Strategic Digital Change in Action: A Transferable Model for Teacher Competence Development. Education Sciences, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081018
José, F., & García-Ull, G.-U. (2021). DeepFakes: The Next Challenge in Fake News Detection. Analisi, (64), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/ANALISI.3378
Jugembayeva, B., & Murzagaliyeva, A. (2023). Physics Students’ Innovation Readiness for Digital Learning within the University 4.0 Model: Essential Scientific and Pedagogical Elements That Cause the Educational Format to Evolve in the Context of Advanced Technology Trends. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010233
Kittur, J. (2023). Conducting Quantitative Research Study: A Step-by-Step Process. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 36(4), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2023/v36i4/23120
Kułaga, W. (2024). Revolutionizing Visual Communication and Digital Creative Engagement: The Game-Changing Impact of TikTok. Przeglad Socjologii Jakosciowej, 20(3), 212–235. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.20.3.10
Kurniawan, D. A., Orongan, M., Cruz Olivares, V., Mosalam, E. M., & Abbas Qanbar Al Saadi, S. (2024). Cultural Diversity in Technology-Based Assessments: Innovations for Fair and Inclusive Evaluations in Higher Education. Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity, 2(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.37251/jetlc.v2i1.1395
Kurniawan, E., & Trimasukmana, D. J. (2020). Korean drama as geography’s audio-visual learning media of disaster mitigation. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(5), 2184–2190. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080558
Kutuk, G. (2025). Understanding Gender Stereotypes in the Context of Foreign Language Learning through the Lens of Social Cognitive Theory. TESOL Quarterly, 59(3), 1081–1105. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3267
Laforce, M., Noble, E., & Blackwell, C. (2017). Problem-based learning (PBL) and student interest in STEM careers: The roles of motivation and ability beliefs. Education Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7040092
Lahdenperä, J., Postareff, L., & Rämö, J. (2019). Supporting Quality of Learning in University Mathematics: A Comparison of Two Instructional Designs. International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, 5(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-018-0080-y
Letina, N. N., & Tarkhanova, I. Yu. (2025). The Possibilities of Using Digital Media Teaching Tools to Popularize the Russian Language and Culture in West African Countries. Integration of Education, 29(1), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.029.202501.010-027
Lorenzo-Lledó, A., Lledó, A., & Lorenzo, G. (2020). Cinema as a transmitter of content: Perceptions of future spanish teachers for motivating learning. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12145505
Lorenzo-Lledó, A., Lorenzo, G., Lledó, A., & Pérez-Vázquez, E. (2020). Inclusive methodologies from the teaching perspective for improving performance in university students with disabilities. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 10(1), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.887
MacDonald, C., & Zitomer, M. R. (2021). Experiences of therapeutic horseback riders in their youth: A self-determination perspective. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2020.017
Maestri, A. (2021). Audiovisual Translation at the Service of EU Public Communication 2.0. Journal of Audiovisual Translation, 4(3), 126–148. https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.186
Maher, R. D., Flynn, S., & Byrne, J. (2025). Through a Critical Realist Lens: Investigating Data Collection and Analysis Techniques in a Qualitative Study About Internet-Related Child Protection Risks for Children and Young People with Disabilities. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 24. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069251370188
Medina, M., & Prario, B. (2013). The transformation of audiovisual media companies: The cases of Mediaset (Italy) and Antena 3 (Spain). Studies in Communication Sciences, 13(2), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scoms.2013.10.001
Murtagh, L., & Seoighe, A. (2022). Educational psychological provision in Irish-medium primary schools in indigenous Irish language speaking communities (Gaeltacht): Views of teachers and educational psychologists. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(4), 1278–1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12499
Nakaziba, S., & Ngulube, P. (2024). A model for enhancing digital transformation through technology-related continuing professional development activities in academic libraries in context. Discover Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00178-8
Nashwan, A. J., Villar, R. C., Mathew, R. G., Al-Lobaney, N. F., Nsour, A. T., Abujaber, A. A., & Leighton, K. (2022). Intention and motivation to pursue higher education among registered nurses and midwives: A cross-sectional study during COVID-19. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2021-0152
Nasrum, A. (2019). DEVELOPING OF CALCULUS TEACHING MATERIALS BASED ON AUDIOVISUAL. Infinity Journal, 8(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v8i2.p209-218
Nasrum, A., & Salido, A. (2025). Unveiling Emerging Trends and Potential Research Themes in Future Ethnomathematics Studies: A Global Bibliometric Analysis (From Inception to 2024). International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(2), 206–226. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.2.11
Ncube, M. M., & Ngulube, P. (2025). Leveraging learning analytics to personalise academic library services for enhanced student success: A systematic review. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 51(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2025.103160
Nicolaou, C., Matsiola, M., Karypidou, C., Podara, A., Kotsakis, R., & Kalliris, G. (2021). Media Studies, Audiovisual Media Communications, and Generations: The Case of Budding Journalists in Radio Courses in Greece. Journalism and Media, 2(2), 155–192. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2020010
Núñez, R. O., Jaillier-Castrillón, É., & Santa-Alvarez, J. S. (2025). The Pontifical Bolivarian University and 2030 Agenda: Scientific Production, Access Modalities, and Social Media Impact. Journal of Scientometric Research, 14(2), 605–616. https://doi.org/10.5530/jscires.20251434
Owan, V. J., Chuktu, O., Nwosu, P. O., Undie, R. A., Uchegbue, H. O., Edoho, G. E., Egaga, M. M., Anam, B. B., Ofem, U. J., Enamhe, D. C., & Owan, M. V. (2024). Demographic variables and perceptions of corruption among undergraduates: Evidence from a nigerian federal university. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100983
Paccaud, A., Keller, R., Luder, R., Pastore, G., & Kunz, A. (2021). Satisfaction With the Collaboration Between Families and Schools – The Parent’s View. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.646878
Paños-Castro, J., Korres, O., Iriondo, I., & Petchamé, J. (2024). Digital Transformation and Teaching Innovation in Higher Education: A Case Study. Education Sciences, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080820
Pecheranskyi, I., Oliinyk, O., Medvedieva, A., Danyliuk, V., & Hubernator, O. (2024). Perspectives of Generative AI in the Context of Digital Transformation of Society, Audio-Visual Media and Mass Communication: Instrumentalism, Ethics and Freedom. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 14(4), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss-2024.14.4.08
Prayitno, M., Kanzunnudin, M., Saif, G. M. S., & Dwianto, A. (2025). Adaptive Curriculum, Digital Literacy, and Global Collaboration for Enhancing Multicultural Competence in Higher Education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(8), 296–320. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.8.13
Rahman, M. A., Adu, L., Jusu, L., Rajab, L., Sugi, L., & Dhuhani, E. M. (2026). BEYOND KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION: PEDAGOGY AND IDEOLOGICAL FORMATION IN INDONESIAN REFORMIST PESANTREN. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(1), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v12i1.54490
Rajab, L., Almarabeh, T., Mohammad, H., & Majdalawi, Y. Kh. (2024). Strategic evaluation of e-learning: A case study of the university of Jordan during crisis. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 8(1), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2023.10.012
Reinsch, S., Walther, J., Oess, S., Tschorr, W., Nübel, J., Schwanemann, J., & Leineweber, C. G. (2023). Socialization, Professional Identity Formation and Training for Uncertainty: Comparison of Student- and Clinician-Lead Problem Based Learning Groups in the First Year of Medical Education. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 11(1), 60–78. https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v11i1.7372
Rompianesi, T. (2025). “Doomed to fail”? Inclusion and performance in Norwegian teachers’ narratives on minority language students. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2025.2550277
Ryan, L., & Dahinden, J. (2021). Qualitative network analysis for migration studies: Beyond metaphors and epistemological pitfalls. Global Networks, 21(3), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12319
Senadheera, V. V., Ediriweera, D. S., & Rupasinghe, T. P. (2024). Instructional Design Models for Digital Learning in Higher Education—A Scoping Review. Journal of Learning for Development, 11(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v11i1.973
Serrano, B., Moreno, A., Díez, F., & Igoa-Iraola, E. (2024). Analysis of Brand Positioning in Online Course Companies to Change Consumption Patterns—A Case Study in the Personal Wellbeing Sector. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135415
Serrano-Arenas, D. (2023). Educational videos as strategies to trigger learning. Aloma, 41(1), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2023.41.1.131-140
Stenbom, S., & Geijer, L. (2025). Primary school teachers’ perception of digital transformation and their teaching role. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 69(5), 1131–1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2024.2394395
Sumra, B., Sultana, A., Elbashir, A. M., & Ahmad, Z. (2026). Institutional Support and Students’ Interest in AI: The Mediating Role of Learning Aspirations and the Moderating Effect of Gender. TechTrends, 70(3), 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-026-01184-3
Tóth, T., Virágh, R., Hallová, M., Stuchlý, P., & Hennyeyová, K. (2022). Digital Competence of Digital Native Students as Prerequisite for Digital Transformation of Education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 17(16), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i16.31791
Wang, X. (2024). Multimedia Teaching Mode in Colleges and Universities Based on Psychology-Based Human-Computer Interaction Interface Design. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 40(13), 3507–3515. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2189817
Wedi, A., & Mardiana, D. (2025a). Digital Transformation Model of Islamic Religious Education in the AI Era: A Case Study of Madrasah Aliyah in East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(8), 842–863. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.8.37
Wedi, A., & Mardiana, D. (2025b). Digital Transformation Model of Islamic Religious Education in the AI Era: A Case Study of Madrasah Aliyah in East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(8), 842–863. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.8.37
Yang, X. (2025). Digital transformation of tourism education: Technologies, opportunities, challenges, and future research agenda. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 11(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1516114
Yang, X., Liu, Y., Ji, J., Liu, K., & Li, W. (2026). Digital transformation and the fluid workforce: Skill development and capacity building for railway workers. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 25(2), 1279–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2025.2463958
Yepes, A. L. (2016). Open settings for university libraries and audiovisual environments: The state of the question and a plan for the future. BiD, 36. https://doi.org/10.1344/BiD2016.36.18
Zagalo, N. (2019). Multimodality and expressivity in videogames. Observatorio, 13(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS13120191411
Zhang, A., Gong, Y., Chen, Q., Jin, X., Mu, Y., & Lu, Y. (2025). Driving Innovation and Sustainable Development in Cultural Heritage Education Through Digital Transformation: The Role of Interactive Technologies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010314
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumadi, Yuli Heirina Hamid, Sri Widowati, Ahmad Ishom Pratama Wahab

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.







